The language scenario in India
The languages
of India primarily belong to two major linguistic families,
Indo-European (whose branch Indo-Aryan is spoken by about 75 percent of the
population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 25 percent). Other languages spoken
in India come mainly from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic
families, as well as a few language isolates. Individual mother tongues in
India number several hundred, and more than a thousand if major dialects are
included. The SIL Ethnologies' lists 415 languages for India; 24 of these
languages are spoken by more than a million native speakers, and 114 by more
than 10,000. Three millennia of political and social contact have resulted in
mutual influence among the four language families in India and South Asia. Two
contact languages have played an important role in the history of India:
Persian and English.
Official Languages
While Hindi is the official
language of the central government in India, with English as a provisional
official sub-language, individual state legislatures can adopt any regional
language as the official language of that state. In effect, there are
"Official Languages” at the state and central levels but there is no one
"national language."
Article 346 of the
Indian Constitution recognizes Hindi in Devanāgarī script as the official language of central
government India. The Constitution also allows for the continuation of use of
the English language for official purposes. Article 345 provides constitutional
recognition as "Official languages" of the union to any language
adopted by a state legislature as the official language of that state. Until
the Twenty-First Amendment of the Constitution in 1967, the country recognized
fourteen official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First
Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali,
increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. Individual
states, whose borders are mostly drawn on socio-linguistic lines, are free to
decide their own language for internal administration and education. In 2004,
the government elevated Tamil. to the newly created official status of
"Classical Language," followed by Sanskrit in 2005.
The Constitution of
India now recognizes 23 languages, spoken in different parts the country. These
consist of English plus 22 Indian languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri,
Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei,
Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. Hindi is a
official language of the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Uttaranchal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana
and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Tamil is an official language of
Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Andamon Nicobar Islands. English is the co-official
language of the Indian Union, and each of the several states mentioned above
may also have another co-official language.
Major Indian language newspaper
Further information:
Press Trust of India, United News of India, and Category:Indian magazines
The first newspaper in
India—Hicky's Bengal Gazette—was started in 1780 under the British Raj by James
Augustus Hicky. Other newspapers such as The India Gazette, The Calcutta
Gazette, The Madras Courier (1785), and The Bombay Herald(1789) soon
followed. These newspapers carried news of the areas under the British
rule. The Bombay Samachar, founded in 1822 and printed in Gujarati is the
oldest newspaper in Asia still in print. On May 30, 1826 Udant Martand (The
Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, started
from Calcutta (now Kolkata), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore
Shukla.
Currently India
publishes about 1,000 Hindi Dailies that have a total circulation of about 80
million copies. English, the second language in terms of number of daily
newspapers, has about 250 dailies with a circulation of about 40 million
copies. The prominent Hindi newspapers are Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar
Ujala, Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Prabhat Khabar, Rajasthan Patrika,
and Nai Dunia.
In terms of readership,
Dainik Jagran is the most popular Hindi daily with a total readership (TR) of
54,583,000, according to IRS Round One 2009. Dainik Bhaskar is the second most
popular with a total readership of 33,500,000. Amar Ujala with TR of
28,674,000, Hindustan Dainik with TR of 26,769,000 and Rajasthan Patrika with a
TR of 14,051,000 are placed at the next three positions. The total readership
of Top 10 Hindi dailies is estimated at 188.68 million, nearly five times of
Top 10 English dailies that have 38.76 million total readership.
The prominent English
newspapers are The Times of India, founded in 1838 as The Bombay Times and
Journal of Commerce by Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, a colonial enterprise now
owned by an Indian conglomerate; The Times Group. The Hindustan Times was
founded in 1924 during the Indian Independence Movement ('Hindustan' being the
historical name of India), it is published by HT Media Ltd. The Hindu was
founded in 1878 by a group known as Triplicane Six consisting of four law
students and two teachers in Madras (now Chennai), it is now owned by The Hindu
Group.
In the 1950s 214 daily
newspapers were published in the country. Out of these, 44 were English
language dailies while the rest were published in various regional and national
languages. This number rose to 3,805 dailies in 1993 with the total number of
newspapers published in the country reached 35,595.
The main regional
newspapers of India include the Marathi language Lokmat, the Gujarati Language
Gujarat Samachar, the Malayalam language Malayala Manorama, the Tamil language
Daily Thanthi, the Telugu language Eenadu, the Kannada language Vijaya
Karnataka and the Bengali language Anandabazar Patrika.
Newspaper sale in the
country increased by 11.22% in 2007. By 2007, 62 of the world's best selling
newspaper dailies were published in China, Japan, and India. India consumed 99
million newspaper copies as of 2007—making it the second largest market in the
world for newspapers.
Regional Journalism
Newspapers are playing a
vital role in the society. The media the fourth estate has its influential role
in public opinion too. India, the diverse country wherein you will find people
from all caste and religion residing. So as in we have regional (Marathi,
Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil etc) newspaper along with the English newspaper. So the
Indian media is very different from the other countries. In the other countries
English newspaper are at the highest position with regard to readership and
circulation but in India it is totally different. Here you will find regional
newspapers being played a vital role as compared to English newspaper but that
doesn’t mean that English newspaper are not doing well.
Now the question arises
how the regional newspapers have taken over English newspaper with regard to
circulation and readership and the competition between both of them? While
talking to Milind Bele the Assistant Editor of Sakal Marathi newspaper he said
that it’s not like the manner in which many people think. Basically English
newspaper’s major focus is on the world affairs as compared with the Marathi
newspapers; their major focus is on covering the local areas first than moving
towards the world affairs. They too have world affairs page but they majorly
focus on local issues, civic issues. There is a tuff rivalry between regional
as well as English newspaper. English newspaper mainly focuses to overtake
readership and circulation of regional newspaper because the readership and
circulation of regional newspaper is high. So even they came up with regional
papers for e.g. times of India came up with Maharashtra times, nav navbharat
times to increase the competition.
Even regional newspapers
are in competition with the English ones. They compete in such a way that both
regional as well as English newspaper should not have same news report in it.
For e.g. if English newspaper are giving news report, the problem occurred,
then regional newspaper must have solution to that problem said the assistant
editor. So he gave the e.g. that sakal is the solution based paper. And even to
join and to give competition o English newspaper many regional newspaper are
coming up with English newspaper. Not only that both English as well as
regional newspaper are coming up with their own news channel e.g. times of
India came up with times now , lokmat came up with ibn lokmat .
Asking about why
regional newspaper is highest at its readership and circulation he told if you
see as preferably Maharashtra you will not find only maharashtrians you will
find diverse group of people. There are tamilinas, Gujarati, Christians,
Punjabis etc so you will not find only one group of people. So any one would
like to read paper according to their preference and its like if any one who
knows Marathi will take Marathi newspaper or any other language newspaper that
he knows. So it’s because of this regional newspaper are highest in its
readership and circulation. The main reason could be in India we don’t have so
much literate population so majority of people prefer to take newspaper which
they can read and understand. Only literate people prefer to take English
newspaper.
The advertisers also
play a major role in publishing the ad. The advertisers first see the ABC
record (audit bureau of circulation) before approaching the newspaper agency.
They first see whose readership and circulation is high, where all the paper
reach, what kind of readers the paper has captured and many such things before
approaching the agency. So every paper has different kinds of advertisers.Role of Indian language newspapers in shaping outlook and cultural identities
Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali, Sindhi, Tamil,
Bhojpuri...and many more – the languages that define the essence of the Indian
state and mark the character of the Indian media. Mass media is not only a tool
of communication; it is also a representative of the local culture, ethos and
beliefs. A similar role is played by „language‟ which in
itself is a cultural parameter. Hence, there is bound to be a deep relationship
between the way the Indian media works and the resulting effects it has on the
development of Indian languages. This relationship between the media and
regional languages is the focus of examination of this research paper. Indian
language experts and scholars are of the view that the survival of Indian
languages is under threat in purview of globalization and the onslaught of
western English media. With the advent of a media which does not recognize any
borders, they observe a decline in the growth of regional languages and feel that
their survival is in danger. The empowerment of the media has grown by leaps
and bounds in the last few decades. The content of different types of
traditional and new media is becoming increasingly global in nature. In such
scenario, the paper seeks to address a few pertinent issues like: The contribution
of the Indian language media in the growth and survival of Indian languages,
the authenticity of the perceived threat by the English and western media to
regional languages and culture, the quality of content presented by the
regional media - the caretaker of the local identity. The paper will also
suggest some measures that can be implemented by the regional media in their
bid to promote Indian languages.
Role of Indian Newspapers: Pre independence
The Indian print media
(newspapers, journals and books) started after the 1860s played a very powerful
role in educating, convincing and mobilizing people in terms of spreading the
nationalist and patriotic ideas. In fact, all the founding members of the
Congress in 1885 were either journalist or layers. Contrary to what we find
today, journalism in those days was more of a mission rather than profession
and the journalist those days milked this opportunity to the full to not only
create opposition and hatred against the British rule but also a strong
determination to liberate India from the foreign rule.
Extremely popular and
powerful newspapers arose after the 1960s which served as public fora for
propagating the nationalist political agenda e.g. The Tribune (1878), Sudharak,
Kesari, Mahrata, Navjeevan, Akbar-i-Aam, The Hindu, Swadesh Mitran etc. They
were edited by prominent nationalist leaders like BG Tilak, GK Gokhale, GG Agrakar,
Mahantma Gandhi and many others. In fact, there was hardly any prominent leader
who did not edit or write for a newspaper those days. Tilak's name is most
commonly mentioned in the context of the role of the Press as he went to jail
twice in this connection. He made full capital out of this opportunity and used
the newspaper columns to mobilize the people against the oppressive foreign
rule. His newspapers Kesari, Mahratta,angered the British and they accused him
of spreading hatred against the British government and charged him with
sedition.A little known fact is that among the prominent newspapers of those
years, only the Times of India was pro-British (yes, today's Times of India,
which was then owned by Bennett, Coleman & Co.) and did not publish the
news of Mahatma Gandhi's assassination even ! The British also created a new
Vernacular Press Act, which was meant to suppress the Indian languages
newspapers but some Indian journalists were even smarter. In fact, one of the
newspapers went English overnight to evade action under the law as it was
applicable to vernacular language papers only !
Small, informal library
movements sprang up in every part of India, wherein the villagers would gather
around a cot to read and discuss the day's paper. In fact, it became a medium
of nationalist political participation for those who could not play a more
active and vocal role in the movement. These library movements did a lot to
propagate the modern ideas of democracy, freedom, equality and patriotism. More
importantly, it played a great role in welding India into a single nation and
gave the Indians a sense of oneness and a new national identity, which was
non-existent before. This new-found identity played a pivotal role in
mobilizing the people's hidden energies into the constructive direction of
working for India's freedom.
Role Indian Media Played during Independence Struggle
·
During India’s Independence struggle, the media
and newspapers were not established as profit-making business ventures but seen
as rendering national and public service.
·
Impact was not limited to cities and towns; but
reached remote villages.
·
Served the purpose of not only political
education but also of political participation.
·
Government act and policies were put to critical
scrutiny.
·
Institution of opposition to government.
Popular Newspapers during Independence struggle
·
Kesari and Maharatta
·
Sandhya
·
Bande Mataram
·
Ghadr
·
Bombay chronicle
·
The Hindustan Times
Government’s reaction/challenges faced by the print media
·
Vernacular Press Act, 1878
-Discrimination between English
and Vernacular press
-No right to appeal
·
Newspaper (Incitement to offence )Act 1908
-Empowered magistrate to
confiscate press property.
·
Indian Press Act 1910
-local government was empowered
to demand security at registration
-de-register/forfeit newspaper
if it was offending
·
Indian Press(Emergency Powers) Act 1931
-sweeping power was given to
provincial government to suppress propaganda for Civil Disobedience Movement.
Role of Indian Newspapers: Post
independence
Animal Planet goes Hindi, Yahoo launches local language chat
in India, Business Standard releases a Hindi version, commercial television
broadcasting channels like Star TV and Zee TV focus on local languages like
Bangla, Gujarati, Tamil, Odiya to name a few. This journey had begun with the
release of the first daily in Hindi, Samachar Sudha Varshan, in 1854 in the
print media and by Doordarshan and Akashvani radio in the broadcasting media.
Today, local language dailies are the largest read
publications; the leader in this segment being Dainik Jagran with 16.0 million
readers as compared to the most read English newspaper, The Times of IndiaÂ
with a readership of 7.3 million. Malayala Manorama newspaper, which is
published in Malayalam from Kerala, currently has a readership of over 9.9
million (with a circulation base of over 1.8 million copies) and thus has the
most circulation in regional languages. (All figures are in accordance to the
2010 Indian Readership Survey findings).
So what is the reason behind the popularity of the
vernacular medium which helps in capturing the greatest market share? The
reason undoubtedly is “the connection” the local people in India feel when
something is presented to them in the language they have been born hearing. It
is this connection which is utilized by the publication and the media houses to
cater to the needs and expectations of the locals. This leads to customer
satisfaction which in turn leads to a rise in their popularity levels.
India has a population of about 1.5 billion according to the
recent census, out of which only 65% of people are literate. In such a
situation, a majority of the populace, especially in the rural areas, either
does not know or is not comfortable with the English language. So in order to
reach a major part of the population it is mandatory to use the local
languages. People who can read and write prefer local dailies and magazines and
people who cannot rely on television channels and movies in their local
languages for gathering information or for their entertainment. Important local
and global news and current affairs can be effectively transmitted through
regional languages.
The percentage of Indian population accessing the internet
is about 7% (2008 figures). Recent surveys have shown that in India people
prefer browsing through sites in local languages, but there are only about
1200~ such sites available in the present date compared to thousands more in
English. According to a recent article in The Times of India, even online
advertising in regional languages has outperformed the English ones. The lower
availability of such sites, translation of online English content into local
languages rather than actually “creating” useful and appropriate content, the
presence of quite a lot of vernacular languages to be incorporated online are
some of the issues faced by the online media today.
Thus, it can be concluded that local languages have made
their mark in capturing the print and the audio-visual media (TV, movies,
radio) but its presence in the digital media is very low, yet growing. The time
has come when all the major publications issue their dailies and magazines
online in regional languages. News channels that operate in local languages,
such as Mahuaa TV (Bhojpuri) should explore the online domain so as to make
their content available to the masses online as well. With the usage of
personal computers and internet being on a speedy rise, the day is not far when
local languages will make their mark on the digital front as well.
Renaissance in Bengal
The Bengali renaissance or simply Bengal renaissance, was a
cultural, social, intellectual and artistic movement in Bengal region of the
Indian subcontinent during the period of British rule, from the nineteenth
century to the early twentieth century. The Bengal renaissance can be said to
have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath
Tagore (1861–1941), although there have been many stalwarts, such as Satyajit
Ray (1921-1992), thereafter embodying particular aspects of the unique intellectual
and creative output. Nineteenth-century Bengal was a unique blend of religious
and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators
and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the
transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern.
During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual
awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the
16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the
challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing
orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system,
the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that
emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, that espoused
rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper
caste educated Hindus.
The parallel socio-religious movement, the Brahmo Samaj, developed
during this time period and counted many of the leaders of the Bengal Renaissance
among its followers. In the earlier years the Brahmo Samaj, like the rest of
society, could not however, conceptualize, in that feudal-colonial era, a free
India as it was influenced by the European Enlightenment (and its bearers in
India, the British Raj) although it traced its intellectual roots to the
Upanishads. Their version of Hinduism, or rather Universal Religion (similar to
that of Ramakrishna), although devoid of practices like sati and
polygamy[citation needed] that had crept into the social aspects of Hindu life,
was ultimately a rigid impersonal monotheistic faith, which actually was quite
distinct from the pluralistic and multifaceted nature of the way the Hindu
religion was practiced. Future leaders like Keshub Chunder Sen were as much
devotees of Christ, as they were of Brahma, Krishna or the Buddha. It has been
argued by some scholars that the Brahmo Samaj movement never gained the support
of the masses and remained restricted to the elite, although Hindu society has
accepted most of the social reform programmes of the Brahmo Samaj. It must also
be acknowledged that many of the later Brahmos were also leaders of the freedom
movement.
The renaissance period after the Indian Rebellion of 1857
saw a magnificent outburst of Bengali literature. While Ram Mohan Roy and Iswar
Chandra Vidyasagar were the pioneers, others like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee widened
it and built upon it. The first significant nationalist detour to the Bengal
Renaissance was given by the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Later
writers of the period who introduced broad discussion of social problems and
more colloquial forms of Bengali into mainstream literature included Saratchandra
Chatterjee.
Social reforms in maharashtra
The social reform movement of 19th century Maharashtra was a
mixed result of indigeneous traditions and Western education. The impact of
Western education was evident on the educated people of Bombay and Pune. The
mass movement was carried by other leaders inspired by traditions of saints
like Dnyaneshwar, Eknath, Chakradhar, Tukaram, etc., and kings like Shivaji.
In 19th century Maharashtra, reformists tried to examine
critically their social system and religious beliefs and gave priority to
social reform as against political freedom. In their reform efforts, they had
to contend with stiff opposition from the conservatives. Foremost among the
reformists were Balshastri Jambhekar (1812–1846), who condemned the
evil customs of sati and female infanticide, Gopal Hari Deshmukh
(1823–1892) who, through his shatpatre (a bunch of letters numbering
100) attacked orthodox Brahmans opposing social and religious reforms and
Jotirao Govindrao Phule (1827–1890) who revolted against the unjust
caste system, and upheld the cause of untouchables and education of women of
lower castes.
Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar (1837–1925) and
Justice Ranade (1842–1901) were the pioneers of Prarthana Samaj, an
organisation for general, social and religious reform. Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
(1856–1895) gave priority to social reform. Dhondo Keshav Karve
(1858–1962) devoted his life to the cause of women's education.
Behramji Malbari (1853–1912), a Parsi of Bombay, started Seva Sadan
for the care of women of all castes.
Pandita Ramabai (1858–1922) founded the Sharada
Sadan in 1890 to help upper-class widows. Mahatma Jyotirao Phule established
Satyashodhak Samaj, Vitthal Ramji Shinde (1873–1944), fought for the
eradication of untouchability through his Depressed Classes Mission.
Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur (1874–1922) also plunged into
this movement and defied the caste system, championed the cause of the
untouchables and promoted education in his state. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil
(1887–1959), the architect of the Rayat Shikshan Sanstha, followed in
the footprints of Phule, Shinde and Shahu Maharaj.
Maharashtra will always remain proud of Dr. Bhimrao Ramji
Ambedkar (1891–1956), the chief architect of the Indian Constitution
and the creator of a social and political awareness among the Scheduled Castes
of India.
The social reform measures brought about a renaissance and
social-awakening in Maharashtra. The efforts of DK Karve to improve women's
education, of Bhaurao Patil, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar and Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh,
who championed the downtrodden people, as well as those of Tarabai Modak in
Vidarbha and Anutai Wagh in the Adivasi areas, have set an example for other
states. The services rendered to victims of leprosy by Dr Shivaji Patwardhan
and Baba Amte perhaps have no parallel. Vijay Merchant fought relentlessly for
facilities for the physically handicapped. Vinoba Bhave, the spiritual heir of
Gandhi, sacrificed his life for sarvodaya.
Social Reform Movement in Tamil Nadu
In the 19th Century Society was influenced by radical
thinker due to the impact of western education. Many social evils like sati,
polygamy, child marriage, untouchability, female infanticide, were practiced in
the state. In order to eradicate these social evils many social reforms,
movement emerged in Tamil Nadu.
Samarasa Satha Sanmarga Sangam (1867)
Ramalinga Adigal (1823 -1874):
Samarasa Satha Sanmarga Sangam (1867) was started by
Ramalinga Adigal, popularly known as Vallalar.
Born at Chinnamarudur near Chidambaram - (1823).
He Believed in Arulperunjothi (Supreme grace of light).
Samarasa Satha Sanmarga Sangam aimed for the religious unity
and communal harmony in the society, Condemned rituals and caste belief.
Promoted universal love and brotherhood. believed hunger and
poverty are the greatest ill of society.
In order to conduct prayer built Sathyagnana Sabha. He also
founded Sathya Darma Sala at Vadalur for feeding the poor - irrespective of
caste and religion.Vallalar Showed his mercy not only on human being but also
on plants, insects, birds and animals. This is called 'Jeeva Karunya' (Mercy of
life)
Origin of Justice Party :
Due to over domination of brahmin's in government
administration. The British gave them job though they constituted only 3% of
the population.
Hence non-brahmins of Tamil Nadu united together under the
leadership of Dr. Natesa Mudaliyar. They formed South Indian Liberal Federation
in 1916. Later in 1817 this association was called "Justice Party".
In the 1920 election, Justice party came to power
Sabburayalu Reddiar became the chief Minister of Madras Presidency.
During Justice party Government all communities shared the
official and administration benefits, issued Coomunal G.O 1921 and 1922.
The Staff selection Board was established in 1924. On this
basis, Public Service Commission was established first time in India in 1929.
Andhra University and Annamalai University was started.
Hindu Religious Endowment Act (1921) - Non-brahmin Archagas
can be in the temple.
Act of 1921, Women were given voting rights.
Self Respect Movement :
Brahmin's dominated the administration in the British
period, non- brahmin's were deprived and treated badly. E.V Ramasamy headed the
Self respect movement.
E.V Ramasamy - ( Eve / Periyar )
Born - 17th September 1879 at Erode
Father Name: Venkatta Naicker
Mother Name: Chinna Thayammal
Wife Name: Nagammal
He left Indian National Congress in 1925 at the kancheepuram
session
Started the self respect movement in 1925
He Started 'Kudiyarasu' a Tamil weekly in 1925 and 'Revolt'
a English journal in 1928
Achievement of Self respect movement and Periyar :-
Temple Entry movement (1924) : - Vaikom is a place in
Kerala, Periyar was given the title
"Vaikom hero"
Social Reform : He
was against untouchability, he with the support of justice party, passed the
Anti - untouchability Act in 1930. This movement led to the foundation of
casteless society in Tamil Nadu.
Welfare of Women : This movement passed a number of
resolution for passing of legislations. The most important legislation was
Widow Remarriage Act, Women Right's to property Act, Abolition of Devadasi
Act.Devadasi Act was abolished by the Act of 1930 with the earnest effort made
by Dr. MuthuLakshmi.
The Government of India Passed Dowry Prohibition Act in
1961.
Points to remember:
The Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam was founded by Vallalar.
The Non - Brahmin students Hostels was organized in chennai
Dr. C. Natesan mudaliyar.
The staff selection Board was established in 1924.
In the Year 1920, Elections , Justice Party came to power
under Subbarayalu Reddy.
The Dowry Prohibition Act was passed in 1961.
Ramlinga Adigal was born at Chinnamarudar near Chidambaram
in 1823.
Hero of Vaikom was E.V Ramasamy (Periyar)
The South Indian Liberal Federation was renamed as Justice
Party.
'Kudiyarusu' was a Tamil weekly started by Periyar in 1925.
By the Act of 1930 the system of Devadasi was abolished.
Ramalinga Adigal
- Jeeva Karunya
Sathya Dharma Sala
- Vadalur
EVR Periyar - Self Respect Movement.
Dr. MuthuLakshmi Reddy - Devadasi System Abolish
Justice party - 1925
News Agency
A news
agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to
subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines and radio and
television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a wire
service, newswire, or news service.
Press Trust of India (PTI)
PTI is
India’s premier news agency, headquartered in New Delhi and is
a nonprofit cooperative of more than 500 Indian newspapers. It
employs more than 400 journalists and 500 stringers to cover almost every
district and small town in India. Collectively, they put out more than 2,000
stories and 200 photographs a day. It’s Hindi service is called Bhasha.
PTI
correspondents are based in all important news centers around the world. It
also has tie-up with several foreign news agencies. Currently, PTI commands 90%
of new agency market share in India.
PTI was
registered in 1947 and started functioning in 1949. PTI is run by a Board
of Directors with the Chairmanship going by rotation at the Annual General
Meeting. The day-to-day administration and management of PTI is headed by the
CEO, who is also the Editor-in-Chief. It’s board of directors includes
owner/editor of most of the leading publications in India like, Vineet Jain,
Aveek Sarkar, Viveck Goenka, N Ravi etc.
United News of India (UNI)
UNI started its commercial operations on March 21, 1961. It has News
Bureaus in all state capitals and other major cities. The agency also has
representatives in key world capitals.
UNI was the first to start a multi-language news service UNIVARTA on
May 1, 1982 that provides news services to Hindi newspapers.
UNI remains the first and only news agency in the world to supply news
in Urdu since June 5, 1992.
The agency’s subscribers include newspapers published in 14 languages,
AIR, Doordarshan, the Central and State governments, corporate and commercial
houses besides electronic and web based media
Indo-Asian News Service (IANS)
IANS was established in 1986, initially to serve as an information
bridge between India and its diaspora in North America. Today it is a
full-fledged, 24X7 agency based in Delhi-NCR (Noida), putting out the real-time
news from India, South Asia and news of this region around the world.
IANS is divided into six strategic business units: IANS English, IANS
Hindi, IANS Publishing, IANS Business Consultancy, IANS Solutions, and IANS
Mobile.
Its client list includes a range of print publications, television news
channels, websites, ethnic publications abroad, government ministries, foreign
missions, private sector players, and multilateral institutions.
Tarun Basuis the Chief Editor and Director of the IANS.
Asian News International (ANI)
ANI is South Asia ‘s leading multimedia news agency with over 100
bureaus in India , South Asia and across the globe.
ANI has established itself as a ‘complete content house’ providing
text, video and picture content for TV, print, mobile and online media.
ANI also provide a range of facilities for foreign and domestic
channels to package their reports in India and uplink via satellite. These
include provision of professional crews, editing and post production
facilities, access to archives, uplinking facilities, coordinators, producers
and correspondents, as per requirement.
ANI services includes loosely edited news feeds and customized
programmes for television channels, audio bytes for radio stations, live web
casting and streamed multimedia / text content for websites and mobile
carriers, and news wire services for newspapers, magazines and websites.
Hindustan Samachar
The Hindusthan Samacharwas formed on 1st Dec. 1948, and provide news in
14 Indian languages. It’s subscribers includes AIR, Doordarshan, various
State Governments, Nepal Radio and a number of regional papers.
Presently the service is being provided in Hindi, Marathi, Gujrati,
Nepali, Oriya, Asamiya, Kannad, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, Sindhi, Sanskrit,
Punjabi and Bangla. The service is fully based on the web internet technology.
The subscriber can either downloaded the next or convert it into E-mail format.
In India this agency has offices in all the states. The news
circulated in all the Indian languages by Hindusthan Samachar could be checked
on the Website www.hindusthansamachar.com
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