Journalism: Origin & Growth
Media of India
Media of India consist of several different types of Indian communications media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers,
magazines, and Internet-based Web sites.
Many of the media are controlled by large, for-profit corporations which reap
revenue from advertising, subscriptions,
and sale of copyrighted material. India also has a strong music
and film industry. India has more than 70,000 newspapers and over 1600
satellite channels (more than 400 are news channels) and is the biggest
newspaper market in the world - over 100 million copies sold each day.
The first Indian media were established in the late 19th century with
the newspaper Hicky's Bengal Gazette, founded in
1780. Auguste and Louis Lumière moving
pictures were screened in Bombay during July 1895; and radio broadcasting began in
1927. Indian media—private media in particular—have been "free
and independent" throughout most of their history. The period
of emergency (1975–1977), declared by Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi, was the brief period when India's
media were faced with potential government retribution.
The French NGO Reporters Without Borders compiles
and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's
assessment of its Press Freedom Index. In 2011-12 India was
ranked 131st out of 179 countries, which was a setback from the preceding
year, while Freedom house, a U.S.-based NGO rates India, in its
latest report, as "Partly Free".
Overview
The traditional print media, but also the television media, are largely
family-owned and often partake in self-censorship, primarily due to political
ties by the owner and the establishment.
However, the new media are generally more professional and
corporate-owned, though these, too, have been acquired or affiliated with
established figures. At the same time, the Indian media, viewed as
"feisty," have also not reported on issues of the media itself.
The first newspaper in India—Hicky's Bengal Gazette—was started in 1780
under the British Raj by James Augustus Hicky. Other newspapers
such as The India Gazette, The Calcutta Gazette, The Madras Courier (1785), and The
Bombay Herald(1789) soon followed. These newspapers carried news of the
areas under the British rule. The Bombay
Samachar, founded in 1822 and printed in Gujarati is
the oldest newspaper in Asia still in print. On
May 30, 1826 Udant Martand (The Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper
published in India, started from Calcutta (now Kolkata),
published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla.
Currently India publishes about 1,000 Hindi Dailies that
have a total circulation of about 80 million copies. English,
the second language in terms of number of daily
newspapers, has about 250 dailies with a circulation of about 40 million
copies. The prominent Hindi newspapers are Dainik
Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala, Navbharat
Times, Hindustan Dainik, Prabhat
Khabar, Rajasthan Patrika, and Nai Dunia.
In terms of readership, Dainik
Jagran is the most popular Hindi daily with a total readership (TR) of
54,583,000, according to IRS Round One 2009. Dainik
Bhaskar is the second most popular with a total readership of
33,500,000. Amar Ujala with TR of 28,674,000, Hindustan
Dainikwith TR of 26,769,000 and Rajasthan
Patrika with a TR of 14,051,000 are placed at the next three
positions. The total readership of Top 10 Hindi dailies is estimated at 188.68
million, nearly five times of Top 10 English dailies that have 38.76 million
total readership.
The prominent English newspapers are The Times of India, founded in 1838 as The
Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce by Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd, a
colonial enterprise now owned by an Indian conglomerate; The
Times Group. The Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 during
the Indian Independence Movement ('Hindustan'
being the historical name of India), it is published by HT Media
Ltd. The Hindu was founded in 1878 by a group known as
Triplicane Six consisting of four law students and two teachers in Madras (now Chennai), it is
now owned by The Hindu Group.
In the 1950s 214 daily newspapers were published in the
country. Out of these, 44 were English language dailies while the rest
were published in various regional and national languages. This
number rose to 3,805 dailies in 1993 with the total number of newspapers
published in the country reached 35,595.
The main regional newspapers of India include the Marathi
language Lokmat,
the Gujarati Language Gujarat
Samachar, the Malayalam language Malayala
Manorama, the Tamil language Daily
Thanthi, the Telugu language Eenadu, the Kannada
language Vijaya Karnataka and the Bengali
language Anandabazar Patrika.
Newspaper sale in the country increased by 11.22% in 2007. By
2007, 62 of the world's best selling newspaper dailies were published in China,
Japan, and India. India consumed 99 million newspaper copies as of
2007—making it the second largest market in the world for newspapers.
Broadcasting
Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became a state
responsibility only in 1930. In
1937 it was given the name All
India Radio and since 1957 it has been
called Akashvani. Limited duration of television programming began in
1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965. The Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting owned and maintained the audio-visual
apparatus—including the television channel Doordarshan—in
the country prior to the economic reforms of 1991. The Government of India
played a significant role in using the audio-visual media for increasing mass
education in India's rural swathes. Projected television screens provided
engaging education in India's villages by the 1990s. In 1997, an autonomous
body was established in the name of Prasar
Bharti to take care of the public service broadcasting under the
Prasar Bharti Act. All India Radio and Doordarshan, which earlier were working
as media units under the Ministry of I&B became constituents of the body.
Following the economic reforms satellite television channels from
around the world—including BBC, CNN, CNBC, and other
foreign television channels gained a foothold in the country. 47 million
household with television sets emerged in 1993, which was also the year
when Rupert Murdoch entered the Indian market. Satellite and cable television soon
gained a foothold. Doordarshan, in turn, initiated reforms and
modernisation. With 1,400 television stations as of 2009, the country
ranks 4th in the list of countries
by number of television broadcast stations.
On 16 November 2006, the Government of India released the community
radio policy which allowed agricultural centres, educational institutions and
civil society organisations to apply for community based FM broadcasting
licence. Community Radio is allowed 100 Watt Effective Radiated Power (ERP)
with a maximum tower height of 30 metres. The licence is valid for five years
and one organisation can only get one licence, which is non-transferable and to
be used for community development purposes.
Cinema of India
The history of film in India begins with the screening of Auguste and Louis Lumière moving
pictures in Bombay during the July 1895. Raja Harishchandra, a full-length feature film,
was initiated in 1912 and completed later. Alam Ara (released
14 March 1931), directed by Ardeshir
Irani, was the first Indian movie with dialogues.
Indian films were soon being followed throughout Southeast Asia and the
Middle East—where modest dressing and subdued sexuality of these films was
found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of the audience belonging to the
various Islamic countries of the region. As cinema
as a medium gained popularity in the country as many as 1, 000 films in
various languages of India were produced
annually. Hollywood also gained a
foothold in India with special
effects films such as Jurassic Park (1993) and Speed (1994)
being specially appreciated by the local audiences. Expatriates throughout
the United Kingdom and in the United States continued to give rise to an
international audiences to Indian movies, which, according to The Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) entry
on Bollywood,
"continued to be formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight
scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and
larger-than-life heroes". Present day India produces the most films
of any country in the world. Major media investors in country are Yash Raj
Films, Dharma Productions, Aamir Khan Productions, UTV Disney, Reliance
Entertainment. Most of these productions are funded by investors since there is
limited banking and credit facilities maturity in India for motion picture
industry. Many international corporations, such as Disney (UTV), Viacom (Network18
Studio), and Fuse Global(AKP) have entered the
nation's media industry on a large scale.
Digital and online media
The early 2000s saw the advent of online and digital publishing in
India. Traditional print dailies were the first adapt and introduce their own
digital versions of their print dailies and magazines. Today, India is home to
many online publications including digital-only newspapers, magazines, news
portals and publishing houses.
Media as a Fourth Estate of Democracy
The four estate (pillars) of democracy are Judiciary, Executive,
Legislature and Media. This fourth pillar of democracy ensure that all people
living in far off areas of country are aware of what’s happening in rest of
their country. Media ensures transparency in the working of all the above three
systems.
These are the four pillars of democracy and if any of these pillars is
not working properly, then somewhere democracy is still not fully functional.
The powers of each of these pillars vary from country to country. In
India, no single pillar is made too strong. In American constitution, judiciary
is made powerful whereas in UK, legislature dominates judiciary.
Media is most powerful entity on earth. It makes us aware of various
social, political and economical activities around us. It is like a mirror
which shows us the bare truth and harsh realities of life.
Over the years, media has become more active. It is media who reminds the
government of its unfilled promises, literates masses in rural areas through
television and radio and exposes the loopholes in the system. It is the most
powerful tool to fight against socio-political evils and injustice in our
society, while bringing empowerment to the masses and facilitating development.
In this age of technology we are bombarded with information. The
perfect blend of technology and media has left no stone unturned in unearthing
corruption and politics in our society. Media has strength and ability to
change both social and government level. All journalists has responsibility to
report unbiased, accurate information as they receive from reliable sources.
Now we can enjoy a wider coverage as well as wider viewership than
perhaps a decade ago.
However, there is a hope that the fourth estate will act as a pillar of
democracy for as long as the present political, economic and social structures
are moving in the right direction. But without the fourth estate, democracy
cannot function properly and will be at risk.
History of Printing (India & world)
A printing press is a device for applying pressure to
an inked surface
resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby
transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing
methods in which the cloth, paper or other medium was brushed or rubbed
repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink, and accelerated the process.
Typically used for texts, the invention and global spread of the printing press was
one of the most influential events in the second millennium.
Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by
profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing
technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his
own. Printing in East Asia had
been prevalent since the Tang
dynasty, and in Europe, woodblock printing based on existing screw
presses was common by the 14th century. Gutenberg's most important
innovation was the development of hand-molded metal printing matrices, thus
producing a movable type based printing press system. His newly devised hand
mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable
type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in
Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press,
together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents,
particularly in short print runs.
The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred
cities in a dozen European countries. By 1500, printing presses in
operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than
twenty million volumes. In the 16th century, with presses spreading
further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million
copies. The operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of
printing, and lent its name to a new branch of media, "the press".
In Renaissance Europe, the arrival of mechanical movable type printing
introduced the era of mass communication, which permanently altered
the structure of society. The relatively unrestricted circulation of
information and (revolutionary) ideas transcended borders, captured the masses
in the Reformation and threatened the power of
political and religious authorities. The sharp increase in literacybroke
the monopoly of the literate elite on education and learning and bolstered the
emerging middle class. Across Europe, the increasing cultural
self-awareness of its peoples led to the rise of proto-nationalism, and
accelerated by the development of European vernacular languages, to the detriment of Latin's status
as lingua franca. In the 19th century, the
replacement of the hand-operated Gutenberg-style press by steam-powered rotary
presses allowed printing on an industrial scale.
Gutenberg's press
Johannes Gutenberg's work on the printing press began in approximately
1436 when he partnered with Andreas Dritzehn—a man who had previously
instructed in gem-cutting—and Andreas Heilmann, owner of a paper mill. However,
it was not until a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg that an official record
existed; witnesses' testimony discussed Gutenberg's types, an inventory of
metals (including lead), and his type molds.
Having previously worked as a professional goldsmith, Gutenberg made
skillful use of the knowledge of metals he had learned as a craftsman. He was
the first to make type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, which was
critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books
and proved to be much better suited for printing than all other known
materials. To create these lead types, Gutenberg used what is considered one of
his most ingenious inventions,[34] a special matrix enabling the quick and
precise molding of new type blocks from a uniform template. His type case is
estimated to have contained around 290 separate letter boxes, most of which
were required for special characters, ligatures, punctuation marks, and so
forth.
Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink
which was more durable than the previously used water-based inks. As printing
material he used both paper and vellum (high-quality parchment). In the
Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg made a trial of coloured printing for a few of the
page headings, present only in some copies. A later work, the Mainz Psalter of
1453, presumably designed by Gutenberg but published under the imprint of his
successors Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer, had elaborate red and blue printed
initials.
Printing Industry in India
Printing came to India serendipitously. In 1556, a Portuguese ship was
put into Goa for victualling. Aboard were 14 Jesuits bound for Abyssinia
(today’s Ethiopia) and a printing press? One of them, Joao de Bustamente, a
Spaniard, was a Printer. He was accompanied by an assistant of Indian origin.
The clergy in Goa felt their need for a printing press was greater than
Abyssinia’s and, so requested the Governor-General to make the press available
to them..The press was taken over and sent with Bustaments to the College of
St. Paul, a seminary that still exists in Goa.
The press was used by the Christian missionaries for printing Biblical
propaganda material.
Again, printing in India revived only in the early 18th century. The
beginnings were again serendipitous. In 1620, the Danish East India Company
obtained from the Rajah of Tanjore the grant of a 25-square mile coastal
territory called Tarangambadi, which the Danes called Tranquebar. Mono colour
hand press, type set machines primarily of German origin served this region.
It was here that modern printing was revived – to spread throughout
India. They eventually had the grandest of Printing Presses including ones like
the Columbians and Albions. A few of these have today found home in The STEVE
BORGIA INDIAN HERITAGE MUSEUM.
Types of printing: Offset lithography, Flexo, Digital, Gravure and screen printing
Lithography
Lithography (from Ancient Greek λίθος, lithos, meaning 'stone', and
γράφειν, graphein, meaning 'to write') is a method of printing originally based
on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone
(lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was
invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a cheap method
of publishing theatrical works.Lithography can be used to print text or artwork
onto paper or other suitable material.
Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto
the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was
treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, etching the portions of the
stone that were not protected by the grease-based image. When the stone was
subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water; an oil-based ink
could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the
original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a blank paper sheet,
producing a printed page. This traditional technique is still used in some fine
art printmaking applications.
In modern lithography, the image is made of a polymer coating applied
to a flexible plastic or metal plate. The image can be printed directly from
the plate (the orientation of the image is reversed), or it can be offset, by
transferring the image onto a flexible sheet (rubber) for printing and
publication.
As a printing technology, lithography is different from intaglio
printing (gravure), wherein a plate is either engraved, etched, or stippled to
score cavities to contain the printing ink; and woodblock printing or
letterpress printing, wherein ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters
or images. Today, most types of high-volume books and magazines, especially
when illustrated in colour, are printed with offset lithography, which has
become the most common form of printing technology since the 1960s.
The related term "photolithography" refers to when
photographic images are used in lithographic printing, whether these images are
printed directly from a stone or from a metal plate, as in offset printing.
"Photolithography" is used synonymously with "offset printing".
The technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s.
Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the
fabrication and mass production of integrated circuits in the microelectronics
industry.
·
Offset lithography
·
Flexography
·
Digital printing: inkjet & xerography
·
Gravure
·
Screen printing
Additional printing techniques were developed for very
specific applications. These include flock printing, letterpress, intaglio, pad
printing, and thermography.
Why a certain job is better printed using one of these
processes mentioned can be read on this page about choosing a printing process.
Offset
In offset lithography a printing plate,
which is most often made from aluminum, contains an image of the content that
needs to be printed. When the plate is inked, only this image part holds ink.
That inked image is subsequently transferred (or offset) from the plate to a
rubber blanket and then to the printing surface. The process can be used to
print on paper, cardboard, plastic or other materials, but these have to have a
flat surface.
Below is a picture of a 4 color sheetfed
printing press. At the far end is the intake where individual sheets of paper
are automatically fed into the press. The 4 towers or printing units each print
one color, typically black get printed first, followed by cyan, magenta and
yellow. The stack of printed sheets is visible on the front of the machine,
underneath the press console & monitor which the press operator uses to
control the press.
For higher volume work offset presses
use rolls of paper. The picture below shows such a much larger web press. It is
so fast that the printed paper needs to be force dried. The black unit at the
end of the press is an oven.
Offset is nowadays the most widely used
printing technique for an extensive range of products such as books,
newspapers, stationery, corrugated board, posters, etc.
Using offset to print promotion,
packaging, publications and on productsThere is a trend that printing
promotional material is gradually migrating to digital printing while some
packaging printing is moving to flexo. You can find more information on the page
dedicated to offset printing.
Flexo
In flexography the content that needs to
be printed is on a relief of a printing plate, which is made from rubber. This
plate is inked and that inked image is subsequently transferred to the printing
surface. The process can be used to
print on paper as well as plastics, metals, cellophane and other materials.
Flexo is mainly used for packaging and labels and to a lesser extent also for
newspapers.
Using flexo to print promotion,
packaging, publications and on productsSome packaging printing is moving from
flexo to digital.
Digital printing
Digital printing can be done in various
ways. Two technologies dominate the industry:
HP PageWide C500 Press
Xerography – In xerographic printers,
such as laser printers, the image that needs to be printed is formed by
selectively applying a charge to a metal cylinder called a drum. The electrical
charge is used to attract toner particles. These particles are transferred to
the media that is being printed on. To make sure the toner is fixed properly,
the substrate passes through a fuser that melts the toner into the medium. Laser
printers are not only used in offices but also for small run printing of books,
brochures and other types of document. These printers are also used for
transactional printing (bills, bank documents, etc) and direct mail.
In 2009 both techniques jointly
accounted for around 15% of the total volume of print.
Using digital printing for promotion,
packaging, publications and productsDigital printing is increasingly utilized
for print jobs that were previously printing using offset, flexo or screen
printing.
In short run small format (A3 size)
printing, digital is taking over from offset for both color and B&W
printing. Quick printers and copy shops print digitally on presses from vendors
like Xerox, HP, Canon, and Konica Minolta.
Labels are also increasingly being
printed digitally.
Billboard and point-of-sale or
point-of-purchase jobs are being done by wide-format inkjet devices.
There is a wide range of small format
printers used to print on phone cases, mugs and other products.
In book printing publishing companies
start to rely more on print-on-demand. The Espresso Book Machine pictured below
is well suited for that job.
There are a number of other digital
printing processes that are geared towards specific niche markets:
Dye-sublimation is a printing process in
which heat is used to transfer a dye onto the substrate. Dye-sub printers are
mainly used for printing on textiles, for proofing and for producing
photographic prints. Some printers can print on a variety of materials such as
paper, plastic, and fabric.
In the direct thermal printing process
heat is used to change the color of a special coating that has been applied to
paper. This process is used in cash registers but also to add markings, such as
serial numbers, to products. For this a transparent ink is used that changes
color when a laser applies heat to it. In the thermal ink transfer printing
process heat is used to melt print off a ribbon and onto the substrate. It is
used in some proofing devices but seems to be gradually disappearing off the
market.
Gravure Printing Press
Also known as rotogravure, this is a
technique in which an image is engraved into a printing cylinder. That cylinder
is inked and this ink subsequently transfers to the paper. Gravure is used for high volume work such as
newspapers, magazines, and packaging.
Using rotogravure to print promotion,
packaging, publications and on productsGravure is gradually losing market share
to offset for publication printing and to flexo for packaging applications.
Screen printing
As its name implies, this printing
technique relies on a screen, which is a woven piece of fabric. Certain areas
of this mesh are coated with a non-permeable material. In the remaining open
spaces ink can be pushed through the mesh onto a substrate. The advantage of
screen printing is that the surface of the recipient does not have to be flat
and that the ink can adhere to a wide range of materials, such as paper,
textiles, glass, ceramics, wood, and metal.
Additional printing presses
Letterpress – Once a dominant printing
technique, letterpress is now used for business cards, wedding invitations,…
Flocking – used to add a (colored)
velvet-like texture to paper, textiles, etc.
Pad printing – used to print on
3-dimensional surfaces.
Intaglio – nowadays mainly used for used
stamps and paper currency.
Thermography – This is more of a
finishing process than an actual printing process. It produces raised lettering
on the printed side of the paper and is used for wedding invitations,
letterheads, business cards,…
Eras of Hindi Journalism
The story of Hindi journalism is the story of Indian nationalism. The
artisans of Hindi journalism were fully conscious of racial consciousness,
yugabodh and its major obligation. Perhaps because he had to be victimized by
the suppression of the foreign government, he had to suffer the torture of his
brutal behavior. In the nineteenth century, the expression of Hindi
prose-creation and the Hindi-Pradhan movement was so strong and strong even
when facing severe difficulties in adverse conditions, its evidence was
'Bharamatmat' (in 1878 AD) 'Sarva Sudhanidhi' (1879 AD). .) And 'Vain Speaker'
(1880 AD) is vulgar on chronic pages.
At present, Hindi journalism has ended the suppression of English
journalism. The first was the dominance of English journalism in the country
and abroad, but today the flag of Hindi language is fluttering. On 30th May,
'Hindi Journalism Day' is celebrated.
The introduction of journalism in Indian languages and Hindi
journalism.
Modern-day journalism was born in India in the fourth phase of the
eighteenth century in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. It was probably the first
attempt on Hickey's "Calcutta Gazette" published in 1780 AD. The Anglo-Indian
English journalism of these cities had grown quite until the publication of the
first Hindi letter Udant Martand (1826).
In these last years, journalism was also born in Persian language. 18th
century Persian letter was probably a manuscript. In 1801, the compilation of
'Hindusthan Intelligence Oriental Anthology' was published in the quote of how
many "newspapers" of North India. In 1810, Maulvi Ikram Ali started
publishing Litho letter "Hindostani" from Calcutta. In 1816, Gangakishore
Bhattacharya introduced the "Bengal Gazette". This was the first
Bengali letter. Later, the priests of Srirampur gave birth to the famous
publicity "News mirror" (27 May 1818). After these initial letters in
1823, we have the views of Bangla language 'News Chandrika' and 'Dialogue
Congregation', "Jam Jahanumaa" and "Shamsul Akbar" of
Persian Urdu and "Mumbai News" of Gujarati.
It is clear that Hindi journalism is not very later. The "Urdu
newspaper" of Delhi (1833) and "Directing" (1837) of Marathi
came only after the first letter of Hindi "Udant Martand" (1826).
Pandit Jugal Kishore was editor of "Udant Martand". This was a weekly
letter. The language of the letter was Hindi, which was called "Middle
language" by the editors of the letter. This letter was closed in 1827. It
was impossible to follow any letter without government assistance in those
days. The company government had given the facilities of posters etc. to the
missionaries' letters, but "Udant Martand" could not get this
facility even after making an attempt. First phase of Hindi journalism
Some of these letters were monthly, some weekly. The daily letter was
only one "News Rectification" which was bilingual (Bengali) and was
published from Calcutta. This daily paper continued till 1871. Most of the
letters were published from Agra, which was a major education center in those
days and the students were meeting the needs of the community. The rest relate
to the preaching work of Brahma Samaj, Sanatan Dharma and Missionaries. Many
letters were bilingual (Hindi Urdu) and some were up to Panchsheel. This also indicates
the immature state of journalism. In the initial letters of Hindi,
"Benaras newspaper" (1845) was quite influential and in protest of
his own language, in 1850, Taramohan Mitra started publication of
"Pahajyashishi" from Agra in 1855, "Sudhakar" from Kashi
and Raja Lakshman Singh in 1855. Raja Shivprasad's "Benaras
newspaper" used to adopt Urdu language style, so both of these letters
leaned towards Panditau's similar-headed style. Thus, we see that before the
1867, Hindi journalists were unable to follow certain style in relation to
language style. This year the publication of the poem 'Shuksudha' was published
and in a way we can call it the first important letter. It was first monthly,
then fortnightly and finally weekly. The publication of multitudes of
Bharatendu was published through this letter, but the truth is that till the
publication of "Harishchandra Magazine" (1873) they also appear to
find a way in the field of linguistics and ideas. Second era of Hindi
journalism: Bharatendu era
The second era of Hindi journalism runs from 1873 to 1900. At one end
of this era there was "Harishchandra Magazine" of Bharatendu and
approved by the Nagri Pracharik Sabha "Saraswati" The number of
letters published in these 27 years is above 300-350 and they are spread to
Nagpur. Most of the letters were monthly or weekly. There were some more
permanent properties in the form of essays, novel fiction (novels),
negotiations etc. in the monthly papers, but most of the letters did not go
more than 10-15 pages and we can call them "ideology" in today's
words. Newspapers and weekly commentaries were also important places in the
weekly papers. In fact, there was no special request for the daily news, and
perhaps the weekly and monthly letters were more important in those days. He
took a very important part in the Janajagran.
These 25 years of nineteenth century were ideal journalism of
Bharatendu. In the form of "Kabivachan Sudha" (1867),
"Harishchandra Magazine" (1874), "Sri Harishchandra
Chandrika" (1874), Balabhodini (Patron of feminine, 1874), Bharatendu
performed in this direction, fearing criticism from his commentaries.
Conspiring on the "punch" of "Poetic Sudhuda" and Kashi's
Magistrate had also stopped taking Bharatendu's letters for the education
department, there is no doubt that the fields of journalism are also Bharatand
Were completely fearless and he gave new impetus to the new papers. "Hindi
Pradeep", "Bartjivn" and naming several letters he did. Were all
of their era journalist as leading them. After bharindu
The journalists who came in this area after Bharatendu were the
foremost among them were Pandit Rudradutt Sharma, (Bharathittar, 1877),
Balakrishna Bhatt (Hindi Pradeep, 1877), Durgprasad Mishra (Proper speaker,
1878), Pandit Sadanand Mishra (Sarasuddha Vidyarthi, 1878). Radhacharan Goswami
(Bharatendu, 1882), Pandit Gauridatta (Devnagar), Pandit Vanshadhar
Prataparayana Mishra (Brahmin, 1883), Ambikadatta Vyas, (Peiyaswrah, 1884),
Babu Ramkrishna Verma (Bharat Jivan, 1884), Pt. Ramgoolam Awasthi (well wisher,
1888), Raj Rampal Singh (Hindustan, 1883), Raj Rampal Singh (Hindustan, 1883)
Yogeshchandra Vasu (Hindi Bangwasi, 1890), Pund Kundan Lal (poet and painter,
1891) and Babu Devkinkan Khatri and Babu Jagannathadas (Sahitya Sudhadidhi,
1894). In 1895, the publication of the "Civil Pracharini Magazine"
begins. This journal started with serious literature and therefore we can
consider it as a certain lighthouse. In the year 1900 AD, with the revelation
of "Saraswati" and "Sudarshan", this second era of Hindi
journalism gets interrupted.
Hindi journalism developed in many directions in these 25 years. Early
letters were limited to teaching and preaching. Bharatendu also developed
social, political and literary directions. He initiated the first woman-magazine,
called "Balabodhini" (1874). After a few years, women see themselves
descending in this area - "Bharatha Bhavinini" (Hardevi, 1888),
"Sughrini" (Hemantakumari, 1889). In these years religious leaders of
Aryasamaj and Sanatan Dharma were active in the field of religion. Certain
letters related to Brahmasamaj and Radhaswamy Votes and Christian churches such
as Mirzapur also come in some Christian papers, but we find religious reactions
of the era only in the letters of Aryasamaj and mythology. Today, these letters
may not seem so important, but they do not doubt that they reinforced Hindi's
prose style and the light of new ideas in the public. Due to these religious
debates, different sections of society and sect went forward to reform and
there was a flood of communal papers very soon. Hundreds of different ethnic
and classical letters were published and they cried to innumerable masses.
Today, the same letter is very important in our history consciousness
who have done some unequaled work in the field of language, literature or
politics. In the literary terms, "Hindi Pradeep" (1877), Brahmin
(1883), Kshatriyog (1880), Ananda Kadambini (1881), Bharatendu (1882),
Devanagari Pracharak (1882), Vaishnav Patrika (After Piyushflaw, 1883), painter
of the poet ( 1891), Civil Nirad (1883), Sahitya Sudhudhidhi (1894) and
Political Literature Bharathittar (1877), Proper Speaker (1878), Essence
Essential (1878), Bharathoday (Daily, 1883), Bharat Jeevan (1884), Bharatoday
Daily, 1885), Goodwill (1887) and Hindi Bangwasi (1890) Specially Important
Are. In these letters, our 19th Century literary recipients, the best
practitioners of Hindi workshops, stylists and thinkers are safe. It is a
matter of irritation that we could not deliver the contents of this important
material from the files. How many essays, commentary, essays, punch, haunts,
gossip and sketchs are being unmatched today in the book of biographies of such
writers like Balakrishna Bhatt, Prataparayana Mishra, Sadanam Mishra, Rudradutt
Sharma, Ambikadatta Vyas and Balamukund Gupta. Even today our journalists can
learn a lot from them. He was the leader in his time. Third phase: First twenty
years of the twentieth century
The letters that came in the literary field after 1921 are prominent -
Swartha (1922), Madhuri (1923), Lima, Chand (1923), Manorama (1924), Critic
(1924), Films (1925), Kalyan (1926), Sudha (1927), Vishav Bharat (1928),
Deagbhoomi (1928) ), Hans (1930), Ganga (1930), Vishva Mitra (1933), Rupab
(1938), Sahitya Samaj (1938), Kamala (1939), Madhukar (1940), Vantya Sahitya
(1940), Visva-Bharati (1942), Sangam 1942), Kumar (1944), New Sahitya (1945),
Parijat (1945), Himalaya (1946) etc.
In fact, there can be no doubt about the maturity and diversity of our
monthly literature. Many first-class compositions of Hindi came first in the
light of menses and many great poets and writers were also concerned with
journalism. Today our monthly letters fulfill all the parts of life and
literature and now even attention towards expertise has begun to come. In the
developmental texts like Literature's trends, there are no letters found in
books. There we receive an active, dream, dynamic form of literature.
In the era of political circles, the letters of the press are - Karmvir
(1924), Sainik (1924), Swadesh (1921), Shri Krishna Sandsh (1925), Hindupunch
(1926), Independent India (1928), Jagran (1929), Hindi Sangap (1929), Pictorial
Court (1930), Swarajya ( 1931), Navyug (1932), Harijan Sevak (1932), Jagamalu
(1933), Navashakti (1934), Yogi (1934), Hindu (1936), Deshmar (1938),
Nationality (1938), conflict (1938), Chinangari (1938), Navjyoti (1938), Sangam
(1940), Jyung (1942), Ram Rajya (1942), World (1943), Lok Sabha (1942), Beware
(1942), Hankar (1942) and Surin (1943), (72).
Like many organs of modern literature, Hindi journalism is also new and
it is also a reflection of the social, cultural, literary and political
movements of our intermediate class mainly. In fact, the true history of the
last 200 years can be compiled from our papers. Based on the quotations of
letters in Bangla's "Kalar Katha", an attempt has been made to assess
the middle life of the nineteenth century Bengal. Such an attempt is also desirable
in Hindi. In a way, the literature that can be said in the nineteenth century
is very little and whatever is there, it has already emerged in the pages of
letters. The contribution of letters in the development of language style and
the development of ethnic-style has been extremely important, but by the first
two decades of the twentieth century, monthly letters and weekly papers have
given birth to our literary tendencies and have been developing. The
experimental form of Dwivedi era literature we see in "Saraswati" and
"Indu" is the real form of that literature. After 1921 AD, literature
became very independent from letter papers and started to stand on its feet,
but still we have to reverse the pages of monthly letters for specific literary
movements. For political consciousness, there are letters of letters only. In
fact, the population of newspapers as much as touches it, it is impossible to
reach such a large population of pure literature. After 1 99 0
In the 90s, many versions of Indian languages newspapers, Amar Ujala,
Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran etc started coming out of the cities and towns in
the field of Hindi journalism. Where the newspapers used to first print out the
metros, due to the availability of new technology, better road and traffic resources
after globalization, it has made it easy to publish city variants from small
towns and towns. In addition, in these decades, the search of new consumers
started for new items in the market spreading in rural areas and towns. The
Hindi newspaper has emerged as a means of spreading these goods. Also in these
versions of the newspapers, local news is printed prominently. This has greatly
increased the number of readers of newspapers. Media expert Sevanti Ninan
called it "the re-invention of the public world of Hindi". He writes,
"The print media has expanded the existing public world of Hindi at the
district level through the coverage of local events, and has unknowingly
redistributed it by local versions of newspapers.
The report of the National Reader Survey in 1990 states that only five
newspapers used to have Hindi newspapers in five leaders. The last (surveys)
proved that we are growing fast. This time (2010) the five most readable
newspapers have four Hindi origins.
There is more enthusiasm that 42 cities in the IRS survey are
considered to be fastest, most of them are of Hindi heartland. It is clear that
if the southern states of the country have developed tremendous development in
the last three decades, then the future of the Hindi people. It is not that
this state is proving leadership in the case of newspaper study. A data from
the IT industry reveals that the number of read-writeers in the Hindi and
Indian languages is constantly increasing.
Journalism & Social Reforms
“The role of the media in social change can either be progressive or
conservative,” says Wiio. Media can support the renewal of society by
introducing new, constructive angles and new knowledge. It can question
prevailing operative models and paradigms. The media can, however, also impede
progress and cast doubt on warranted social reforms or take a passive stance in
a change situation.
What is particularly important in a change situation is the feedback
that policy-makers and other social actors receive through the media. It has a
direct impact on how positively social reforms and initiatives are perceived
and how likely they are to be accepted.
“The media could take a more active role in promoting social reform
without compromising their journalistic principles. Involvement in social
change does, however, require solid competence on behalf of the media,” says
Wiio.
According to the report, the key trend affecting the media at the
moment is its increasingly market-driven nature. As a result, the media becomes
more mediatised, homogenised, tabloidised and polarised. Digitisation is also a
factor that extends to all aspects of communication. Wiio subscribes to the
often expressed view that the most dramatic change in the media will, however,
ultimately be caused by the Internet.
Changes in the media itself will directly affect the way it can and
will operate in a change situation in society. Changes in the media as well as
its digitisation require a new range of competences, creativity and production
structures, content production skills and media management style.
Structural polarisation means that the media is divided into mainstream
and other media.
“The mainstream media is the ‘large stage’ on which it presents us with
what is noteworthy or important at a given time. The media outside the
mainstream form ‘fringe stages’,” says Wiio.
One of the key arguments in the report is that no large-scale renewal
of society is possible without the contribution of the mainstream media.Please add your comment
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